Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Advances in Early Detection, Surgical Resection, and Targeted Therapeutics

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent primary liver cancer, representing a significant global health challenge due to its high incidence and mortality rates. Early detection, effective surgical interventions, and advancements in targeted therapeutics have significantly improved patient outcomes. The early detection of HCC relies on imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and advanced biomarkers, enabling diagnosis at potentially curable stages. Surgical resection remains a cornerstone of treatment for localized HCC, though patient eligibility is limited by underlying liver function and tumor characteristics. Liver transplantation provides a curative approach for selected patients but is constrained by donor organ availability. Recent advances in targeted therapeutics, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors, have transformed the management landscape for advanced HCC, offering improved survival and quality of life. However, the high heterogeneity of HCC and the interplay with underlying liver disease complicate therapeutic strategies. This review consolidates the latest progress in early detection, surgical resection, and targeted therapeutics, emphasizing the challenges and future directions in managing HCC.